19 CFR Part 12 · 6 exam questions
19 CFR 12.39: Imported articles involving unfair methods of competition or practices
The text of 19 CFR 12.39, followed by every released customs broker license exam question whose answer rests on it. Drawn from 6 released sittings, April 2018 through October 2025.
Edition shown: the 2025 annual edition of Title 19, revised as of April 1, 2025. It is the edition the October 2026 customs broker exam is graded against, and it can differ from the regulation in force today. For the current official text see 19 CFR 12.39 on eCFR.
§ 12.39 Imported articles involving unfair methods of competition or practices.
(a) Determinations of the International Trade Commission. Under section 337 of the Tariff Act of 1930, as amended (19 U.S.C. 1337), unfair methods of competition and unfair practices in the importation or sale of articles, the effect or tendency of which is to destroy, substantially injure, or prevent the establishment of an efficiently and economically operated United States industry, or to restrain or monopolize trade and commerce in the United States, are unlawful. After an investigation of an alleged violation of section 337, the U.S. International Trade Commission (“the Commission”) may determine that section 337 has been violated. The Commission also may determine during the course of its investigation that there is reason to believe that a violation of section 337 exists. The Commission's determination in either case is effective on the date of its publication in the Federal Register and is referred to the President, who may disapprove the determination for policy reasons on or before the close of a 60-day period beginning on the day after the day he receives a copy of the determination. A Commission determination disapproved by the President shall have no force or effect as of the date the Commission is notified of his disapproval. If the Commission's determination is not disapproved by the President during the 60-day period, or if he notifies the Commission before the close of the period that he approves the determination, the determination becomes final on the day after the close of the period or the day of the notification, whichever is earlier.
(b) Exclusion from entry; entry under bond; notice of exclusion order. (1) If the Commission finds a violation of section 337, or reason to believe that a violation exists, it may direct the Secretary of the Treasury to exclude from entry into the United States the articles concerned which are imported by the person violating or suspected of violating section 337. The Commission's exclusion order remains in effect until the Commission determines, and notifies the Secretary of the Treasury, that the conditions which led to the exclusion no longer exist, or until the determination of the Commission on which the order is based is disapproved by the President.
(2) During the period the Commission's exclusion order remains in effect, excluded articles may be entered under a single entry bond in an amount determined by the International Trade Commission to be sufficient to protect the complainant from any injury. On or after the date that the Commission's determination of a violation of section 337 becomes final, as set forth in paragraph (a) of this section, articles covered by the determination will be refused entry. If a violation of section 337 is found, the bond may be forfeited to the complainant under terms and conditions prescribed by the Commission. To enter merchandise that is the subject of a Commission exclusion order, importers must:
(i) File with CBP prior to entry a bond in the amount determined by the Commission that contains the conditions identified in the special importation and entry bond set forth in appendix B to part 113 of this chapter; and
(ii) Comply with the terms set forth in 19 CFR 210.50(d) in the event of a forfeiture of this bond.
(3) CBP shall notify each importer or consignee of articles released under bond pursuant to paragraph (b)(2) of this section when the Commission's determination of a violation of section 337 becomes final and that entry of the articles is refused. The importer or consignee shall export or destroy the released articles under customs supervision within 30 days after the date of notification. The port director who released the articles shall assess liquidated damages in the full amount of the bond if the importer or consignee fails to export or destroy the released articles under Customs supervision within the 30-day period.
(4) In addition to the notice given to importers or consignees of articles released under bond, CBP shall provide written notice to all owners, importers or consignees of articles which are denied entry into the United States pursuant to an exclusion order that any future attempt to import such articles may result in the articles being seized and forfeited. Copies of all such notices are to be forwarded to the Executive Director, Commercial Targeting and Enforcement, Office of International Trade, at CBP Headquarters, and to the Office of The General Counsel, USITC, 500 E Street, SW., Washington, DC 20436.
(c) Seizure and Forfeiture Orders. (1) In addition to issuing an exclusion order under paragraph (b)(1) of this section, the Commission may issue an order providing that any article determined to be in violation of § 337 be seized and forfeited to the United States. Such order may be issued if:
(i) The owner, importer, or consignee of the article previously attempted to import the article or like articles into the United States;
(ii) The article or like articles were previously denied entry into the United States by reason of an exclusion order issued under paragraph (b)(1) of this section; and
(iii) Upon such previous denial of entry, CBP had notified the owner, importer, or consignee of the article in writing of both the exclusion order and that seizure and forfeiture would result from any further attempt to import the article or like articles into the United States.
(2) Upon receipt of any seizure order issued by the Commission in accordance with this paragraph, Customs shall immediately notify all ports of entry of the property subject to the seizure order and identify the persons notified under paragraph (b)(4) of this section.
(3) The port director in the port in which the article was seized shall issue a notice of seizure to parties known to have an interest in the seized property. All interested parties to the property shall have an opportunity to petition for relief under the provisions of 19 CFR part 171. All petitions must be filed within 30 days of the date of issuance of the notice of seizure, and failure of a claimant to petition will result in the commencement of administrative forfeiture proceedings. All petitions will be decided by the appropriate Customs officer, based upon the value of the articles under seizure.
(4) If seized articles are found to be not includable in an order for seizure and forfeiture, then the seizure and the forfeiture shall be remitted in accordance with standard Customs procedures.
(5) Forfeited merchandise shall be disposed of in accordance with the Customs laws.
(d) Certain importations by or for the United States. Any exclusion from entry under section 337 based on claims of United States letters patent shall not apply to articles imported by and for the use of the United States, or imported for, and to be used for, the United States with the authorization or consent of the Government.
(e) Importations of semiconductor chip products. (1) In accordance with the Semiconductor Chip Protection Act of 1984 (17 U.S.C. 901 et seq.), if the owner of a mask work which is registered with the Copyright Office seeks to have CBP deny entry to any imported semiconductor chip products which infringe his rights in such mask work, the owner must obtain a court order enjoining, or an order of the U.S. International Trade Commission (USITC), under section 337, Tariff Act of 1930, as amended (19 U.S.C.1337), excluding, importation of such products. Exclusion orders issued by the USITC are enforceable by CBP under paragraph (b) of this section. Court orders or exclusion orders issued by the USITC shall be forwarded, for enforcement purposes, to the Director, Border Security and Trade Compliance Division, Office of International Trade, U.S. Customs and Border Protection, Washington, DC 20229.
(2) CBP shall enforce any court order or USITC exclusion order based upon a mask work registration in accordance with the terms of such order. Court orders may require either denial of entry or the seizure of violative semiconductor chip products. Forfeiture proceedings in accordance with part 162 of this chapter shall be instituted against any such products so seized.
(3) This regulation will be effective against all importers regardless of whether they have knowledge that their importations are in violation of the Semiconductor Chip Protection Act of 1984 (17 U.S.C. 901 through 904).
How the exam tests 12.39
Each question below is a real released question with the answer CBP credited, the authority it rests on, and an explanation of why that answer is right.
April 2018, Q58. Regarding “prohibited or restricted importations” relative to “articles involved in unfair competition,” after the U.S. International Trade Commission issues an exclusion order pursuant to 19 U.S.C. § 1337, an importer of record has the following option(s) with respect to the entry of merchandise subject to that exclusion order:
- AThe importer may enter merchandise subject to an exclusion order if the importer’s basic importation bond contains a provision authorizing such action.
- BThe importer may enter merchandise subject to an exclusion order for thirty days after the exclusion order issues, at which point the Commission’s exclusion order becomes final and entry is no longer permitted.
- CUntil the time the Commission’s exclusion order becomes final, the importer may enter merchandise subject to the exclusion order by filing a single entry bond with CBP in an amount determined by the U.S International Trade Commission to be sufficient to protect the complainant from any injury.
- DUntil the time the Commission’s exclusion order becomes final, the importer may enter merchandise subject to the exclusion order by filing a single entry bond with CBP in an amount set by the port director to ensure compliance with the customs and related laws.
- ENone of the above because an exclusion order is effective on the date it is issued and merchandise subject to that exclusion order cannot be entered lawfully after this point.
Show the answer and explanation
The correct answer is C because 19 CFR 12.39(b)(2) explicitly permits entry of merchandise subject to an exclusion order until the order becomes final, provided the importer files a single entry bond with CBP in an amount determined by the U.S. International Trade Commission to protect the complainant. This directly supports option C. Option A is incorrect because the rule does not reference a basic importation bond provision; the authority focuses on a single entry bond. Option B is wrong because the 30-day period mentioned in the text pertains to petitions after seizure, not a grace period for entry. Option D is incorrect because the bond amount is determined by the Commission, not the port director. Option E is invalid because the exclusion order does not immediately prevent entry; entry is allowed with the specified bond until the order becomes final.
April 2026, Q67. Which of the following is TRUE with respect to imported merchandise after the U.S. International Trade Commission (ITC) finds a violation of section 337 of the Tariff Act of 1930 (19 USC 1337) and issues an exclusion order, as implemented by CBP under 19 CFR 12.39?
- AThe exclusion order is not effective until 60 days after issuance, at which point merchandise subject to the exclusion order no longer may be entered.
- BMerchandise subject to the exclusion order may not be entered under any circumstance after the exclusion order has been issued.
- CMerchandise subject to the exclusion order may be entered under a basic importation and entry bond in an amount set by CBP.
- DMerchandise subject to the exclusion order may be entered under bond until the determination of a violation becomes final.
Show the answer and explanation
The correct answer is D because 19 CFR 12.39(b) states that exclusion orders issued by the USITC are enforceable by CBP, but enforcement occurs only after the determination of a violation becomes final. This aligns with the rule that merchandise may be entered under bond until the determination is final, as the exclusion order does not immediately prevent entry. Option A is incorrect because the text does not mention a 60-day delay; the authority does not specify such a period. Option B is incorrect because the exclusion order does not prohibit entry entirely until the determination is final, as the text allows entry under bond during the interim. Option C is incorrect because the text does not reference a "basic importation and entry bond" or CBP setting its amount, making this detail unsupported by the cited authority.
October 2018, Q74. In regard to “prohibited or restricted importations” relative to “articles involved in unfair competition,” after the U.S. International Trade Commission issues an exclusion order pursuant to 19 U.S.C. 1337, an importer of record has the following option(s) with respect to the entry of merchandise subject to that exclusion order:
- AThe importer may enter merchandise subject to an exclusion order if the importer’s basic importation bond contains a provision authorizing such action.
- BThe importer may enter merchandise subject to an exclusion order for thirty days after the exclusion order issues, at which point the Commission’s exclusion order becomes final and entry is no longer permitted.
- CUntil the time the Commission’s exclusion order becomes final, the importer may enter merchandise subject to the exclusion order by filing a single entry bond with CBP in an amount determined by the U.S International Trade Commission to be sufficient to protect the complainant from any injury.
- DUntil the time the Commission’s exclusion order becomes final, the importer may enter merchandise subject to the exclusion order by filing a single entry bond with CBP in an amount set by the port director to ensure compliance with the customs and related laws.
- ENone of the above because an exclusion order is effective on the date it is issued and merchandise subject to that exclusion order cannot be entered lawfully after this point.
Show the answer and explanation
The correct answer is C because 19 CFR 12.39(b)(2) explicitly permits entry of merchandise subject to an exclusion order until the order becomes final, provided the importer files a single entry bond with CBP in an amount determined by the U.S. International Trade Commission to protect the complainant from injury. Option A is incorrect because the regulation does not mention provisions in a basic importation bond authorizing such action. Option B is incorrect because the regulation does not specify a 30-day grace period; the exclusion order becomes final through administrative processes, not a fixed timeline. Option D is incorrect because the bond amount is determined by the Commission, not the port director. Option E is incorrect because the regulation allows entry with a bond until the exclusion order becomes final, not immediately upon issuance.
October 2019, Q72. Which of the following is TRUE with respect to imported merchandise after the U.S. International Trade Commission (ITC) finds a violation of section 337 of the Tariff Act (19 USC 1337) and issues an exclusion order, as implemented by CBP under 19 CFR 12.39?
- AThe exclusion order is not effective until 60 days after issuance, at which point merchandise subject to the exclusion order no longer may be entered.
- BMerchandise subject to the exclusion order may be entered under a single entry bond, in an amount set by the ITC, from the time the exclusion order issues until the time it expires.
- CMerchandise subject to the exclusion order may be entered under bond, in an amount set by the ITC that is secured by the importer’s basic importation bond.
- DMerchandise subject to the exclusion order may b e entered under bond as provided for in 19 CFR 113, until the determination of a violation becomes final.
- EMerchandise subject to the exclusion order may not be entered after the exclusion order has issued.
Show the answer and explanation
The correct answer is D because 19 CFR 12.39(b)(2) explicitly permits merchandise subject to an exclusion order to be entered under bond as provided in 19 CFR 113 until the Commission’s determination becomes final. This aligns with the rule that entry is allowed under bond during the period the exclusion order is in effect, but not after the determination becomes final. Option A is incorrect because the text does not mention a 60-day delay; the exclusion order is effective immediately. Option B is incorrect because the bond amount is determined by the ITC, not set by the ITC, and the timing is not fully accurate. Option C is incorrect because the bond is not secured by the importer’s basic importation bond but by a single entry bond with conditions from 19 CFR 113. Option E is incorrect because entry under bond is permitted until the determination becomes final, not prohibited immediately.
October 2022, Q59. Which of the following is TRUE with respect to imported merchandise after the U.S. International Trade Commission (ITC) finds a violation of section 337 of the Tariff Act (19 USC 1337) and issues an exclusion order, as implemented by CBP under 19 CFR 12.39?
- AThe exclusion order is not effective until 60 days after issuance, at which point merchandise subject to the exclusion order no longer may be entered.
- BMerchandise subject to the exclusion order may be entered under a single entry bond, in an amount set by the ITC, from the time the exclusion order issues until the time it expires.
- CMerchandise subject to the exclusion order may be entered under bond, in an amount set by the ITC, that is secured by the importer’s basic importation bond.
- DMerchandise subject to the exclusion order may be entered under bond as provided for in 19 CFR 113, until the determination of a violation becomes final.
- EMerchandise subject to the exclusion order may not be entered after the exclusion order has issued.
Show the answer and explanation
The correct answer is D because 19 CFR 12.39(b)(2) explicitly states that merchandise subject to an exclusion order may be entered under bond as provided in 19 CFR 113 until the Commission’s determination becomes final. This aligns with the regulation’s requirement that entries are allowed under bond during the period the exclusion order is in effect, but are refused once the determination is final. Option A is incorrect because the regulation does not mention a 60-day delay; exclusion orders take effect immediately. Option B is incorrect because the bond amount is set by the ITC, not the exclusion order’s expiration. Option C is incorrect because the bond must be a single entry bond with conditions from appendix B to part 113, not the importer’s basic bond. Option E is incorrect because merchandise may be entered under bond until the determination becomes final, not prohibited entirely.
October 2025, Q43. Which of the following is TRUE with respect to imported merchandise after the U.S. International Trade Commission (ITC) finds a violation of section 337 of the Tariff Act of 1930 (19 USC 1337) and issues an exclusion order, as implemented by CBP under 19 CFR 12.39?
- AThe exclusion order is not effective until 60 days after issuance, at which point merchandise subject to the exclusion order no longer may be entered.
- BMerchandise subject to the exclusion order may not be entered under any circumstance after the exclusion order has issued.
- CMerchandise subject to the exclusion order may be entered under a basic importation and entry bond in an amount set by CBP.
- DMerchandise subject to the exclusion order may be entered under bond until the determination of a violation becomes final.
Show the answer and explanation
The correct answer is D because 19 CFR 12.39 specifies that exclusion orders are enforceable by CBP, but merchandise may be entered under bond until the determination of a violation becomes final, reflecting the procedural timeline for enforcement. Option A is incorrect because the cited authority does not mention a 60-day delay; the exclusion order becomes effective immediately upon issuance. Option B is incorrect because the text does not state that entry is prohibited under all circumstances after the order is issued, as exceptions exist (e.g., for U.S. government imports). Option C is incorrect because the cited authority does not reference CBP setting the bond amount for basic importation.
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